ELECTRICAL SAFETY – PATIENT SECURITY (report one )

BACKGROUND

an electric current is an ordered movement of free charges, usually electrons a crossing of a conductor of material in an electric circuit. the electric current can be of two types, alternating current and direct current, this depends on the movement of the electrons.

Direct current: movement of electrons in the same direction, it is used by all devices that work with batteries or batteries, or which are connected to a power source.

Alternating current: the movement of the electrons changes direction every so often, Alternating current is used by all devices connected directly to the electrical network.

Figure 1: Movement of electrons through time

for the operation of any device, equipment and technology, it is necessary to access the electrical network for current consumption, this is done by means of sockets.

A socket is formed by two elements: plugs and receptacle, which are connected to each other to establish a connection that allows the passage of electric current.

Figure 2: Electrical Outlet

the frequency that the current sockets in Colombia handle is 50-60 hertz, this means that in the sockets and terminals of any device turned on, the positive and negative poles are inverted 50-60 times in a second. It means that the electrons are changing direction successively and what is transmitted are vibrations.

the manipulation of current brings with it danger for the health, for this reason it is important to have rules that regulate all the electrical installations.As an example, there are different electrical symbols and colors that identify risks in the RETIE:

Figure 3: main graphic symbols




Figure 4: Classification and colors for warnings

The most common electrical risk factors are electric arcs, absence of electricity, direct contact, indirect contact, short circuit, static electricity, defective equipment, overload, etc.

and finally, when an electric shock accident occurs, the following steps must be taken:

1. First, call the emergency services.
2. Do not touch the person until you are sure you are not in contact with any electrical source.
3. If you are in contact, look for ways to cut the power. It may be a switch or it may be that the cable has to be cut, in which case it will be done with a well insulated tool and with the proper protectors and insulators. Make sure you do not wear wet clothes and if you are standing on puddles or wet floors.
4. If you can not find a way to cut off the current, you will use a wooden object, plastic (a chair, a stick ...) or any non-conductive element of electricity to separate the victim.
5. If it is a high voltage line, do not approach more than six meters while there is electric current. Try to cut the flow of electricity and only then approach.
6. Once separated from the current and secured the victim, avoid moving as far as possible, especially the neck and head, as it could have some spinal injury.
7. Check your degree of awareness and breathing. In case you do not breathe, proceed to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers
8. Treat burns with water or saline to clean them, and cover them with sterile gauze or clean cloths.

DESIGN
a current socket consists of three basic parts: the phase, the neutral and the earth. The neutral is a conductor with potential 0 or potential difference 0. Its function is precisely to create an imbalance, a potential difference that allows the existence of electric current by the Phase conductor, this term refers to the active conductor, that is to say the conductor that transports the electric current normally from the network to a socket or switch. The ground, or ground, is a conductor with a protection function, The objective is to conduct possible overvoltages to ground.

These three drivers are classified in single-phase installations: They are the most common in homes, and are characterized by transporting the current through a single phase. They usually have one phase, one neutral and one ground.

Three-phase installations: They are more common in shops, industrial buildings and factories, within this type there are several configurations:

Tripolar (three conductors): gray, brown and black (the three phases).

Tetrapolar (four conductors): gray, brown and black (the three phases) and blue (neutral).


Pentapolar (five conductors): gray, brown and black (the three phases), yellow-green (earth) and blue (neutral)

Figure 5: three phase socket

Figure 6: single phase socket

      DEVELOP

Regulate electrical outlet   

Ground System	Voltage  (V ac)
PH-Neutral	115,9
PH-Ground	115,9
Ground-Neutral	0,18

 No regulate electrical outlet

Ground System	Voltage  (V ac)
PH-Neutral	117,7
PH-Ground	117,7
Ground-Neutral	0,23

The white outlets (no regulated) are of a general electrical circuit. Orange outlets (regulated) come from another circuit of which the ground wire is not of the general network, it is an isolated ground wire and it is also because the phase comes from a UPS. This insulated ground cable is to protect the equipment that is connected to this circuit.

EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON THE HUMAN BODY

When some part or parts of the human body come into contact with two points or objects between which there is a potential difference (voltage), the passage of an electric current through the body is established, which can produce very different effects, from a slight Tingling to death as shown in table 3

CURRENT (mA)	EFFECTS
0-0,5	Does not cause physiological damage or sensations.
0,5-10	Does not cause physiological damage but causes sensations of tingling, cramping and movements caused by reflexes.
10-15	Threshold of not letting go, causes pain and muscle contractions.
15-25	With this current the body begins to present contractions in extremities, respiratory distress, increase blood pressure, this current is the limit of tolerance by the body.
25-50	Start of ventricular fibrillation, unconsciousness, increase in blood pressure.
50-200	The ventricular fibrillation occurs, produces burns, initiation of electrocution
200-1000	Reversible cardiac arrest, also produces burns and unconsciousness, risk of death
1000-5000	Severe burns, cardiac arrest with high probability of dying

table 3: effects of electric current

Electrical shock can occur when touching elements subjected to tension, such as cables or bare metal bars (direct contact), or objects, normally harmless, whose voltage is due to faults and insulation defects (indirect contact).

keep in mind that low frequency alternating current (50 - 60 Hz) that is distributed through the network can be up to 3 or 5 times more dangerous than continuous. highlighting that this current is the one we are most exposed to because it is what we find in homes, stores, etc.

CONCLUSION

Nowadays the technology is advancing rapidly and a lot of these advances are electronic so they use an electric source, many of them a current outlet for that reason it is very important to know how it is conformed the current outlets and what happens when you enter contact with different intensities.


In the hospital environment, only vital equipment must be connected in the regulated outlets, that is, machines that provide vital support to the patient.

The electrical risks are related to the electrical systems of the machines, because we are in permanent contact either in our place of work, study, homes, etc., if they come into contact with people or facilities can cause injuries and damage.

with respect to the measurements made, the voltage difference found is approximately 3 volts and is an ideal difference, so it is concluded that the connections are made correctly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gordejuela, L. and →, V. (2017). Efectos de la corriente eléctrica en el cuerpo humano (II): La edad de la gran potencia. [online] Los Mundos de Brana. Available at: https://losmundosdebrana.com/2014/11/25/efectos-de-la-corriente-electrica-en-el-cuerpo-humano-ii-la-edad-de-la-gran-potencia/ [Accessed 2 Feb. 2019].

Insht.es. (2019). corriente eléctrica: efectos cuerpo humano. [online] Available at: http://www.insht.es/InshtWeb/Contenidos/Documentacion/FichasTecnicas/NTP/Ficheros/301a400/ntp_400.pdf [Accessed 2 Feb. 2019].

RESOLUCIÓN NO. 9 0708 de AGOSTO 30 de 2013, REGLAMENTO TÉCNICO DE INSTALACIONES ELÉCTRICAS (RETIE).